Together, these scholars printed and published Tholkappiyam, Nachinarkiniyar Urai (1895), Tholkappiyam Senavariyar urai, (1868), Manimekalai (1898), Silappatikaram (1889), Pattuppāṭṭu (1889), and Purananuru (1894), all with scholarly commentaries. The Sangam literature, sometimes referred to as the Caṅkam literature or Koodal literature connotes the ancient Tamil literature and is the earliest known literature of South India. [11][44], Aiyar and other Tamil scholars collected and catalogued the manuscripts they found. CLASSICAL TAMIL LITERATURE 1. Ramanujan (1967), This metrical pattern, states Zvelebil, gives the Sangam poetry a "wonderful conciseness, terseness, pithiness", then an inner tension that is resolved at the end of the stanza. The puram poetry is about exploits and heroic deeds in the context of war and public life. Sangam poetry laid down the foundation for the entire Tamil poetic tradition that has flourished for over two thousand years. They mention temples and shrines, confirming the significance of such cultural festivals and architectural practices to the Tamil culture. Rocking Nagor. Its aim is to perpetuate, integrate, and assimilate the cultural heritage of the Tamil … [6][7][8] According to Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature and history scholar, the most acceptable range for the Sangam literature is 100 BCE to 250 CE, based on the linguistic, prosodic and quasi-historic allusions within the texts and the colophons. A spiritual fervour virtually grips the people of this state, complemented by perfect weather that has a soothing nip in the air. [45] He brought the first Sangam text into print in 1851 (Thirumurukaattuppadai, one of the Ten Idylls). "query-input": "required name=search_term_string" "[16], Sangam literally means "gathering, meeting, fraternity, academy". [17] The first has roots in the Hindu deity Shiva, his son Murugan, Kubera as well as 545 sages including the famed Rigvedic poet Agastya. Sangam’s mission is to identify all Tamils, to associate and integrate them with the Sangam and act as a shelter to promote the well being of the community with the support of all people. According to David Shulman – a scholar of Tamil language and literature, the Tamil tradition believes that the Sangam literature arose in distant antiquity over three periods, each stretching over many millennia. [49] These poems also allude to historical incidents, ancient Tamil kings, the effect of war on loved ones and households. From the second Sangam, states the legend, the Akattiyam and the Tolkāppiyam survived and guided the third Sangam scholars. It is a period of heightened spiritual and cultural pursuits across the present-day Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Swaminatha Aiyar library preserves the largest collection of Sangam era-related manuscripts. Rather, states Zvelebil, it is more likely that the first academy of poets existed sometime about 400–300 BCE – which he adds, is also a "purely speculative" conjecture. [29], The early Sangam poetry diligently follows two meters, while the later Sangam poetry is a bit more diverse. [61], Sangam poems are often quoted and paraphrased in modern Tamil cinema. And, the year chronicled coincides with the Chola conquest of South-East Asia. In conclusion, let me just say that - there is more to the bond that India and Thailand shares, that is exciting and waiting to be unravelled!  = – / = – / = – According to George Hart, other than loan words, it is obvious to any scholar who has studied both classical Sanskrit and classical Tamil that the mid to late Sangam literature (1st to 3rd century CE) and ancient Sanskrit literature are related. And, it is heartwarming to know that Maargazhi is also celebrated in many parts of the world. [17][18], A prose commentary by Nakkiranar – likely about the 8th century CE – describes this legend. [34] The sutras of the Tolkappiyam – particularly after sutra 315 – state the prosody rules, enumerating the 34 component parts of ancient Tamil poetry. The priests had impressed the then kings with their Vedic knowledge and enjoyed their patronage. FeTNA is an umbrella organization of Tamil Sangams that function within the North American Continent. Artland Band. Interestingly, the god depicted is Siva and not Vishnu on the ‘oonjal’. But, it isn’t widely known that there is a huge South-Indian Tamil influence and presence too in Thailand's cultural renditions, festivities and rituals. It is the first of three Tamil Sangams of Classical Tamil literature. The Sangam literature is the historic evidence of indigenous literary developments in South India in parallel to Sanskrit, and the classical status of the Tamil language. During a casual conversation with Tamilians settled in Bangkok, I got to know that a temple, known as the 'Devasthan', has been built for the priests and Brahmins who had migrated to Thailand many centuries before from as far as Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu. Â. According to Zvelebil, these poems were likely from the late Sangam era (2nd or 3rd century CE) and attest to a sophisticated and prosperous ancient civilization. Its chief works were Perumparipadal, Mudukuruku, Mudunarai and Kalariyavirai. But, the influence of the Sangam land and the poetry and literary works of the Sangam Age is unmissable when in Thailand.  = = / – = / = – / – – [60] Some of the Paripaatal love poems are set in the context of bathing festivals (Magh Mela) and various Hindu gods. This heralded prosperous times for Tamil literature and arts, that spanned at least a millennium from 300 BC to 300 CE. The Tamil tradition and legends link it to three literary gatherings around Madurai: the first over 4,440 years, the second over 3,700 years, and the third over 1,850 years before the start of the common era. Columbia University Press, The Five Lesser Epics of Tamil Literature, This page was last edited on 22 October 2020, at 14:35. [60] Further, the colophons of the Paripaatal poems mention music and tune, signifying the development and the importance of musical arts in ancient Tamil Nadu. [9], The Sangam literature had fallen into oblivion for much of the second millennium of the common era, but were preserved by and rediscovered in the monasteries of Hinduism, particularly those related to Shaivism near Kumbhakonam, by the colonial era scholars in late 19th century. While there is no evidence for the first and second mythical Sangams, the surviving literature attests to a group of scholars centered around the ancient Madurai (Maturai) that shaped the "literary, academic, cultural and linguistic life of ancient Tamil Nadu", states Zvelebil. As a culture and architecture enthusiast, I stumbled upon the many similarities between India and Thailand owing to the 2000 years of history these two countries share between them. Please visit the link, ' Translated Books ' for a long list of Sangam works translated into English by Dr. A. Dakshinamurthy. [21][note 1], According to Zvelebil, within the myth there is a kernel of reality, and all literary evidence leads one to conclude that "such an academy did exist in Madurai (Maturai) at the beginning of the Christian era". The categories are the patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku ("the eighteen greater text series") comprising Ettuthogai (or Ettuttokai, "Eight Anthologies") and the Pattuppāṭṭu ("Ten Idylls").

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