(7), What are we to conclude from such comparisons? Working for Maxent and Company, a New Orleans trading outfit, Laclede traveled up the Mississippi River in search of the best spot for a new trading post. where X is the population, F(X) is the natural growth in the population, a is the maximum proportional growth rate of the population, and b = a/X, where X is the upper limit to population size. After 1720 and until the late 1740s average returns declined by about 5,000 skins, and remained within the somewhat narrower range of roughly 10,000 to 20,000 skins. Kettles and blankets were the main items in the “household goods” category. He brought in a prime beaver pelt, worth 10 shillings. In addition, the keratin covering the shorter hairs broke down. In 1829, Auguste Chouteau, the "patriarch of St. Louis," died. Join Nikki's mailing list to receive the latest news and updates. Coincident with the decline in European beaver stocks was the emergence of a North American trade. Although the art of felting disappeared from much of western Europe during the first millennium, felt-making survived in Russia, Sweden, and Asia Minor. Artist - Mark Raithel But, within a decade, the Montreal trade was reorganized into partnerships between merchants in Montreal and traders who wintered in the interior. There are far fewer prices available for Paris, but we do know that in the period 1739 to 1753 the trend was also sharply higher with prices more than doubling. The choice of parameter a and maximum population X is central to the population estimates and have been based largely on estimates from the beaver ecology literature and Ontario provincial field reports of beaver densities (Carlos and Lewis, 1993). An important implication of the trade data is that, like many Europeans and most American colonists, Native Americans were taking part in the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century (de Vries, 1993; Shammas, 1993). Central to answering this question is how Native groups responded to the price of furs, which began rising in the 1730s. The breakdown differed by post and varied over time; but, for example, in 1740 at York Factory, the distribution was: producer goods – 44 percent; household goods – 9 percent; alcohol and tobacco – 24 percent; and other luxuries – 23 percent. The sale price in the third column suggests that the monetary value of each of the 4 Made Beaver traded for such a gun in 1844 was 99 pence, (or 8 shillings 3 pence per pelt, 33 shillings total for the gun). "Both Indians and Europeans admired this ingenious and industrious rodent," says Fausz during a lecture. From 1700 there is an uninterrupted annual series of fur returns at Fort Albany; the fur returns from York Factory begin in 1716 (see Figure 1). For a thorough discussion of HBC trading practices and Standards of Trade in the first century or so of operations in north America, up to the end of the Seven Years War (known as the French & Indian War in US history), see Arthur Ray and Donald Freeman. The view is that Natives had a fixed demand for European goods that, at higher fur prices, could be met with fewer furs, and hence less effort. The Compagnie d’Occident, founded in 1718, was the most successful of a series of monopoly French companies. In addition to the final product, England exported the raw material, beaver pelts. At Fort Albany, fur prices were close to 70 from 1713 to 1731, but in 1732, in response to higher European fur prices and the entry of la Vérendrye, an important French trader, the price jumped to 81. The beaver returns at Fort Albany and York Factory for the period 1700 to 1770 are described in Figure 2. In 1825, the Osage, under pressure from the American government, signed away their Missouri and Arkansas territory.
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