© 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The Houma who lived on the eastern bank of the Mississippi, for instance, crossed west into Ascension Parish in 1763 to avoid living in British territory. Despite this move, the Houma did not interact with Spanish forces exclusively. Orientation google_ad_height = 15; . In 1803 Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory, dramatically expanding the geographic borders of the United States. Similarly, in 1811 Chief Chac Chouma met with Claiborne to reaffirm the Houma’s friendship and receive presents from the governor. 4 (2004): 779–791. Throughout the eighteenth century, the Houma continued to trade with European settlers and other Native American nations. Although relatively few in number, the Houma held land on both sides of the Mississippi River and were large enough to comprise two distinct communities. 3 (2001): 473–494. United Houma Nation History. Houma, La. The Houma dialect of Choctaw has not been actively spoken since the 1800's -- most Houma people speak English and/or Cajun French today, though some elders still speak a unique Houma variety of creole French. These two Houma groups remained geographically separated until the 1760s, when they reunited on the western side of the river. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979. Although his journal entries provide the first documentation of the Houma, the tribe did not come into direct contact with Europeans until 1686, when explorer Henri de Tonti passed through its village. Dictionary of American History. Baton Rouge, the capital of Louisiana, was named for the red pole on the Mississippi that established the southern boundary of their hunting territory. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. HOUMA. Duthu, N. Bruce. The state of Louisiana officially recognized the Houma nation in 1977; eight years later, the UHN submitted to the US Department of the Interior a petition for federal acknowledgement. Distressed by the land transfer, the loss of alliances with the French, and the changes in colonial governance, several tribes, including the Houma, responded by forging new relationships and relocating to areas of Spanish control. To obtain goods and slaves, as well as to intimidate enemy nations, these traders and their Native American allies conducted violent raids along the eastern shores of the Mississippi River that, in turn, caused native nations located in this region to flee. As early as 1739, due to their continually dwindling numbers, the Houmas were reportedly combining with other local tribes. . The Indian Problem. All Rights Reserved. - 2.0% are Pentecostal. Presumably, they believed their community would fare better in Spanish Louisiana. By the early twentieth century, the anthropologist John Swanton had visited them and written a report for the Smithsonian's Bureau of American Ethnology that concluded that the historic Houmas were all but extinct as a people. These patterns of small-scale agriculture and trade continued into the American period. In 1682, when French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, journeyed down the Mississippi River, he heard rumors that the Houma Indian nation lived on the eastern banks near present-day West Feliciana Parish. American Indian house Currently, the Houma community claims 17,000 members and continues to keep Native American traditions alive, proudly asserting their identity. Native Americans of the Lower Mississippi Valley—which had served as a buffer zone between European empires during the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries—had experience with “play-off diplomacy.” Living amid competing Western empires allowed the Houma and other Indian nations to negotiate with multiple colonial governments simultaneously. google_ad_channel =""; As American settlers pressed into the Louisiana territory, conflicts with local tribes escalated, resulting in violence and anti–Native American sentiment among the settlers. What's new on our site today! : United Houma Nation, 1982. google_ad_width = 728; In 1700, the Jesuit Father Paul Du Ru joined Iberville in a trip to the Houma village. Today—generations after they resettled from their tradition homeland into Acadian lands of south Louisiana and intermarried with local Acadians—the Houma are regarded as a bastion of Louisiana French, as the language is dying out across the rest of Cajun country. D’Oney, J. Daniel. google_color_link = "0000FF"; Dictionary of American History. However, the date of retrieval is often important. As of 2002, the tribal council claimed to represent over 20,000 tribal members. google_ad_format = "728x15_0ads_al_s"; - 49.2% are Catholic. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. HOUMA. As a result of these frequent raids, the Tunica Indians—historically located to the north of the Houma—moved south and settled in Houma territory. Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d’Iberville, recorded their population at 350 men in 1699. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. O’Reilly gave the chief as a symbol of the alliance a medal and some small gifts. US territorial officials, unlike their European predecessors, were not especially concerned with protecting the local tribes’ land claims or property, especially when American settlers challenged them. The Houmas (Ouma) are an American Indian tribe of the Muskogean language family first encountered in 1682 by René-Robert Cavalier de la Salle on the east bank of the Mississippi River, opposite from the mouth of the Red River.Their population in 1699 was estimated at about 700 individuals living in upwards of 150 cabins. After facing racial discrimination and educational disadvantages in the first half of the century, the Houma in Terrebonne and Lafourche parishes strove, from the 1960s onward, to turn their communities into a unified political entity. Example: Yes, I would like to receive emails from 64 Parishes. Throughout the French colonial period (1682–1762), the Houma also regularly served as scouts for colonial ventures and supported the French during military conflicts with other Native American nations. Usner, Daniel H., Jr. American Indians in the Lower Mississippi Valley: Social and Economic Histories. "A Case of Identity: Ethnogenesis of the New Houma Indians." By the 1720s, the Houma were active participants in Louisiana’s colonial economy, building strong trade and military alliances with the French. They moved near New Orleans after 1706, although over the next decade or so they moved upriver into present-day Ascension Parish, near the head of Bayou Lafourche. Essentially, this placed Indians in a position of increased power. Native American Facts For Kids was written for young people learning about the Houmas for school or home-schooling reports. The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934 represented a shift in U.S. Indian policy away from forced acculturation and a…, Mohegan Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. These transfers took place, however, without the knowledge or consent of the Native American nations living within the territories. Like many other native tribes in the region, the Houma were pushed into the bayous and onto less desirable tracts of land. Houma Indian Fact Sheet. As a result, the Spanish colonial government continued to court the favor of the Houma nation in order to maintain their alliance. “The Houma Indians of Louisiana: The Intersection of Law and History in the Federal Acknowledgment Process.” Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, 38, no. The unique history of our people has shaped our tribe today. google_color_text = "000000"; Fletcher, Alice Cunningham Campisi, Jack, and William A. Starna. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1979. ." Settling on the fertile lands north of Lake Pontchartrain, along the Mississippi River and across from Point Coupee Parish, the Houma raised corn, beans, hens, and other foodstuffs, which they brought into New Orleans to trade. The Houma tribe continued to live and support themselves in this swampy environment by hunting, fishing, weaving baskets and mats, and farming. It was 50 feet long and had a cross almost 40 feet tall.

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