[38] On 17 December, he accepted the fait accompli and reluctantly agreed with Yeltsin to dissolve the Soviet Union. [15], During Yuri Andropov's tenure as General Secretary (1982–1984), Gorbachev became one of the Politburo's most visible and active members. Raisa Gorbacheva died of leukemia in 1999. [12] Gorbachev has two granddaughters (Ksenia and Anastasia) and one great granddaughter (Aleksandra). Soon after the constitutional amendment, Lithuania declared independence and elected Vytautas Landsbergis as Chairman of the Supreme Council (head of state). [22], He made a speech in May 1985 in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) advocating widespread reforms. On 24 August, he advised the Central Committee to dissolve, resigned as General Secretary and dissolved all party units within the government. Those arrested for high treason included the "Gang of Eight" that had led the coup, including Kryuchkov, Yazov, Pavlov and Yanayev. [41] Later that year, Gorbachev founded a new political party, called the Union of Social-Democrats. In 1993 Gorbachev was awarded a Legum Doctor. [6] This was Gorbachev's third attempt to establish a political party, having started the Social Democratic Party of Russia in 2001 and the Union of Social Democrats in 2007. Gorbachev would publish the draft of a new union treaty in November, which envisioned a continued union called the Union of Sovereign Soviet Republics, but, going into 1991, the actions of Gorbachev were steadily being overtaken by the centrifugal secessionist forces. Gromyko, disparaged as "Mr Nyet" in the West, had served for 28 years as Minister of Foreign Affairs and was considered an 'old thinker'. [48], Gorbachev (right) being introduced to Barack Obama by Joe Biden, 20 March 2009. Ksenia Virganskaya's Sister Anastasia Virganskaya. Despite the apparent increase in Gorbachev's power, he was unable to stop the process of nationalistic assertion. In the aftermath of the coup, his rival Yeltsin quickly worked to consolidate his hold on the Russian government as well as the remnants of the Soviet armed forces, paving the way for Gorbachev's downfall. "[50], In September 2008 Gorbachev announced he would make a comeback to Russian politics along with a former KGB officer, Alexander Lebedev. The 'war of laws' had become an open battle, with the Supreme Soviet refusing to recognise the actions of the two republics. Gorbachev's positions within the CPSU created more opportunities to travel abroad, and this would profoundly affect his political and social views in the future as leader of the country. But when the CPSU was proscribed after the August coup, Gorbachev was left with no effective power base beyond the armed forces. Coit D. Blacker wrote in 1990 that the Soviet leadership "appeared to have believed that whatever loss of authority the Soviet Union might suffer in Eastern Europe would be more than offset by a net increase in its influence in Western Europe. The same month, in a hugely significant move, Armenia asserted its right to veto laws coming from the All-Union level, thus intensifying the 'war of laws' between republics and Moscow. Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev and the Mirage of Democracy. This page was last edited on 17 September 2020, at 03:51. However, upon his return, Gorbachev found that neither union nor Russian power structures heeded his commands as support had swung over to Yeltsin, whose defiance had led to the coup's collapse. Speaking of the status of democracy in the Russian Federation, he proclaimed: "The electoral system we had was nothing remarkable but they have literally castrated it." This move was a serious blow to Gorbachev personally and to his efforts for reform. In 2002, Gorbachev received an honorary degree of a Doctor in Laws (LL.D.) Her husband was born Mikhail [2] Irina is the great-grandmother of Sophie, Princess of Prussia, wife of Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia, current head of the House of Hohenzollern.[3]. In his Memoirs, Gorbachev asserts that, on 12 January, he convened the Council of the Federation and political measures to prevent bloodshed were agreed, including sending representatives of the Council of the Federation on a "fact-finding mission" to Vilnius. Her maternal grandparents were Grigory Gagarin (1810–1893) and his wife, Sophia Andreievna Dachkov (1822–1908). Rather, he assumed that the Communist parties of Eastern Europe could be reformed in a similar way to the reforms he hoped to achieve in the CPSU. [14] Gorbachev was forced to break off his trip to the U.S. and cancel planned travels to Cuba and Britain.[14]. He was subsequently appointed to the Central Committee's Secretariat for Agriculture in 1978, replacing Fyodor Kulakov, who had supported Gorbachev's appointment, after Kulakov died of a heart attack. While at the university, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and soon became very active within the party. [16][page needed]. October 1990 saw the founding of DemRossiya, the Russian pro-reform coalition; a few days later, both Ukraine and Russia declared their laws completely sovereign over Soviet level laws. Further problems surfaced in Riga, Latvia, on 20 and 21 January, where OMON (special Ministry of the Interior) troops killed 4 people. Gorbachev addressing the United Nations General Assembly in December 1988. [56] His main grievances about the "tandem" are backsliding on democracy, corruption and the dominance of security officers. [14], Meanwhile, Gorbachev was losing further ground to nationalists. [30], On 11 October 1986, Gorbachev and Reagan met at Höfði house in Reykjavík, Iceland, to discuss reducing intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe. He lives in Moscow, has not remarried and finds solace with his daughter and grand-daughters. [29] Others, such as Heritage Foundation foreign policy analyst Michael Johns, criticized Gorbachev's military support for the Ethiopian regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam, which Johns argued was a contributing factor to Ethiopia's mass famine. Speaking in late summer 1985 to the secretaries for economic affairs of the central committees of the East European communist parties, Gorbachev said: "Many of you see the solution to your problems in resorting to market mechanisms in place of direct planning. Nationalist feeling also took hold in Georgia, Ukraine, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Moscow's abandonment of the Brezhnev Doctrine allowed the rise of popular upheavals in Eastern Europe throughout 1989, in which Communism was overthrown. The new policy of "reconstruction" was introduced in an attempt to overcome the economic stagnation by creating a dependable and effective mechanism for accelerating economic and social progress. This brought the Union and the republics into clear confrontation and would form a precedent for other republics. [15] In 1985, he announced that the Soviet economy was stalled and that reorganization was needed. In 1997, Raisa set up The Raisa Maksimovna Club in order to promote the participation of women in public life.

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